reinforcement of physician liability for off-label use may be the preferred instrument for achieving dynamic efficiency. The … liability threat reduces the demand for off-label use, giving manufacturers an appropriate incentive to invest in extended … approval. By contrast, patent prolongation does not affect physicians' prescription decisions and increases the likelihood of …

payments to physicians: medical and industry groups adopted voluntary codes, federal agencies published advisory guidelines … companies think twice before lavishing gifts and payments on physicians, which in turn would help to ensure that those “learned …

national firm upstream and improved or distributed by local firms downstream. In this context, heightened products liability … may have unintended consequences for consumer safety. Conventional wisdom holds that an increase in tort liability on the … worse, if liability is shared between upstream and downstream firms, higher upstream liability may decrease the liability of …

national firm upstream and improved or distributed by local firms downstream. In this context, heightened products liability … may have unintended consequences for consumer safety. Conventional wisdom holds that an increase in tort liability on the … worse, if liability is shared between upstream and downstream firms, higher upstream liability may decrease the liability of …