traditional portfolio objectives as debt to reserve ratios decrease. We empirically estimate optimal dollar and euro shares for 24 … emerging market countries and find that optimal reserve portfolios are dominated by anchor currencies and, at current debt to … reserve ratios, introducing transactions demand has a elatively modest effect. We also find that euro and dollar bonds act as …

last two waves of EU enlargement have had on Russia, as well as the role of the euro in Russia. The analysis suggests that … euro by Russian residents and authorities in international transactions has increased, albeit at an uneven pace. While, in … general, the US dollar remains the major foreign currency used by Russian residents, the euro has gained importance as an …