The past and current reluctance of firms and individuals to use private enforcement suggests that there are limited incentives for self-help. The key contribution of private enforcement to overall deterrence derives from cases which would not otherwise be brought, not simply because of resource...

We consider a model of optimal law enforcement where sanctions can be reduced for self-reporting individuals. The literature is extended in two directions: First, we distinguish between two self-reporting stages: a first one before the case is investigated, and a second one where the criminal is...