The research aims to examine the difference between absence and presence life cycle stage in technology information digitalization (TID) as a form of open innovation in reducing information asymmetry. Furthermore, companies with asymmetric information prefer debt over equity. The study collects...

300 years after Newton, although we are "enlightened" to widerstand the laws of nature, our world is far from being deterministic. Instead, we have to make decisions under uncertainty: we buy goods whose quality is not exactly known, we hire workers before learning their actual productivity, or...