conclude that it might be better to reduce the precision of public signals or entirely withhold information. This paper shows … that public information should always be provided with maximum precision, but under certain conditions not to all agents …

An entrepreneur contracts with a consultant, who is protected by limited liability, to supply information about the … probability than a bad one. The entrepreneur makes an upfront payment that the consultant can either invest in information … entrepreneurs so long as his informal referrals remain high. The principal finds it optimal to under-utilize information if she uses …

additional information. In this setting, without the persuader's information, a version of the Condorcet Jury Theorem holds …. Persuasion does not require detailed knowledge of the voters' private information and preferences: the same additional … information is effective across environments. The results require almost no commitment power by the persuader. Finally, the …