This study complements existing literature by examining the short-run heterogeneous and longrun homogeneous impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade on ecological footprints in 37 African countries for the period 1990 to 2019. Utilizing the pooled mean group estimator,...

This study complements existing literature by examining the short-run heterogeneous and longrun homogeneous impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade on ecological footprints in 37 African countries for the period 1990 to 2019. Utilizing the pooled mean group estimator,...

Trade encourages economic expansion and improves welfare based on international division of labor. However, trade also has an environmental footprint, particularly in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other emissions. This paper examines the impact of environmental regulation in exporter and...

We review recent research linking international trade to the environment, with a focus on new results and methods. The review is given structure by a novel decomposition linking changes in emissions to changes in productive activity at the plant, firm, industry, and national levels. While some...

The increase in global trade has contributed to the integration of domestic economies worldwide into a single global economy. Despite the welfare benefits from global trade, concerns remain regarding the impact of trade on the environment, particularly on global environmental threats like...