measure to evaluate processing frictions is the time it takes to import. In this paper we translate import processing times to … buffer processing shocks. Based on this theory, we employ detailed data on import processing dates, instrumental variables …, and firm-product-origin level import data to estimate import processing costs. Evaluated at the median, import processing …

We estimate import processing costs based on the time it takes to import. Our theory extends existing time …-cost measures to account for uncertainty in import processing. We use detailed, highly disaggregated data on import processing dates … and import values to provide evidence for our theory and estimate processing costs consistent with the theory. The …