The issues related to the effects that arose as a result of economic sanctions against Russia due to the start and large-scale deployment of Russia’s war against Ukraine are analyzed in the paper. It is obvious that the scale of these economic sanctions actualizes the issue of studying their...

From the inception of International Monetary System (I.M.S.) the system has been facing liquidity problem. Starting with the gold standard, the limited stock of gold could not cope with the increasing world trade. The introduction of the gold-exchange standard which included some key currencies...

The People's Republic of China (PRC)'s current account surplus, its growing foreign exchange reserves, and its shifting policies on exchange rate adjustment have become a central preoccupation of United States (US) trade policy. The paper considers the evolving political economy of the US policy...