economy with imperfect political institutions. In a capital-scarce economy, an autocrat catering to the needs of landowners … chooses to shelter the economy from trade. The trade regime interacts with economic institutions, and with policies on capital … mobility, to govern capital accumulation. A landed autocrat neglects to improve institutions and blocks foreign capital to …

can reverse a country's apparent comparative advantage relative to its comparative advantage in the absence of conflict …. And, where such conflict is present, comparisons of autarkic prices to world prices could be inaccurate predictors of …