The discourse on the competitiveness of emerging economy firms continues with globalization. This paper joins the dialogue by providing a framework of the competitiveness of business groups and their affiliates in international operations. The goal is to address the vast literature on emerging...

We draw on a recent survey of European companies to differentiate between alternative modes of international outsourcing as possible determinants of market, cost and knowledge-related aspects of the competitiveness of firms. We find that internalized modes are often superior to outside options,...