The present paper argues that the effect of corruption on foreign ownership is not necessarily linear and depends on … the level of host corruption. So long as the expected returns from foreign investments exceed its expected costs, higher … host corruption will be associated with higher foreign ownership. However, costs may exceed or exactly compensate the …

these sectors are confronted with different challenges ranging from corruption, political risk, economic uncertainty, sunk … their private counterparts. When it comes to the determinants, economic policy uncertainty, corruption, and political …