were as mixed level. It validated the panel ARDL estimations methods such as mean group, pooled mean group, and a dynamic …. Future research may consider time series ARDL for each independent middle-income country. The findings of the study are …

Private investment in Malaysia has been sluggish since the Asian financial crisis. One explanation is that the growing … presence of government-linked corporations (GLCs) has been crowding out private investment. For the first time, we provide … empirical evidence on the relationship between GLC presence and private investment. We find that when GLCs are dominant in an …