Previous studies examining whether the faces of candidates affect election outcomes commonly measure study participants' subjective judgment of various characteristics of candidates, which participants infer based solely on the photographic images of candidates. We, instead, develop a smile...

Randomized ballot order of electoral candidates minimizes unfair advantages for candidates with favorable positions on a ballot. However, it may also encourage voter errors because it minimizes information cues otherwise provided to voters, such as the order of candidates by their strength...