In the early 70s, the retail landscape of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA) was mostly confined to the Lisbon downtown. However, the retail landscape is changing at a rapid pace. In the mid-80s, two focus of retail competition (Amoreiras Shopping Center and Roma Avenue) appeared out-of-city...

This paper explores the role of retailers as an urban amenity. Using data for Swedish rural and city municipalities for 2002-2008, "accessibility to shops" measures are constructed for the shops in the municipalities and in the hosting regions separately to examine the relationship between...