Since its first appearance, Williamson's (1983) hostage model of exchange has been highly influential in guiding analysis and interpretation of "non-standard" contracting arrangements. Prior research has developed a compelling case for the existence of hostage-type arrangements in many...

We examine the use of partial equity stakes and volume-based dependence balancing in Japanese automotive supply relationships. Building on Williamson's (1983) hostage model, we argue that the robustness of different types of hostage arrangement depends on the value, durability, and observability...