Given the prevalence of dual directors who serve simultaneously on the parent as well as the subsidiary board, it is important to examine their functions, a topic largely ignored in the existing literature. Exploring the functions of dual directors highlights equity carve-out objectives other...

This paper examines that the object function of each insider of IPO firms differs by examining the relationship between the sources of secondary shares and withdrawal decision. Findings reveal that portion of secondary share sold by the venture capitalists is positively related to the withdrawal...

We show evidence that firms with more outstanding short-term debt are more likely to go public in bear markets than firms with less short-term debt. Importantly, this finding is evident for firms going public after a reduction of total bank credits in the loan market. The result is robust to...

This paper explores the relationship between the sources of initial public offering (IPO) shares and withdrawal decision. Findings reveal that the amount of primary share does not have a direct relationship to the withdrawal decision. Furthermore, we analyze the relationship of the sources of...

This paper examines whether debt retirement at the time of initial public offering (IPO) can stimulate firm growth. Our findings reveal that highly leveraged firms tend to use proceeds of IPOs to repay more existing debt. Then, increased debt capacity and reduced interest burden enable firms to...