We show that the specific factors model can be used to derive a rigorous link between movements in stock prices and productivity, wages, employment, output, and welfare. We also prove that the commonly used measure of the effective rate of protection equals the dual measure of revenue TFP,...

I investigate the fragmentation under high frequency trading (HFT) popularity. I make a toy model of security exchange market competition. With the friction like the Bertrand competition with differentiated goods, the effect of the number of venues on bid ask spread depends on the business...

This paper gives an overview of some issues related to market valuation, focusing on the developments on the New York equity markets. The 42.4 p.c. fall in the S&P 500 price index between 24 March 2000 - when it reached its all-time high - and 31 December 2002 is situated in a very long term...