domestic rivals (i.e., protectionism). In 2002, the Court of First Instance overturned three prohibitions by the European … 2004. With a sample of 474 merger proposals submitted to the EC during 1990–2007, we show that the EC's protectionism from …

domestic rivals (i.e., protectionism). In 2002, the Court of First Instance overturned three prohibitions by the European … 2004. With a sample of 474 merger proposals submitted to the EC during 1990–2007, we show that the EC's protectionism from …

This article revisits the protectionism hypothesis related to the European merger regulation (EMR). In the 1990s, EMR … was biased against foreign acquirers, especially if the deal harmed domestic rivals (i.e., protectionism). At the end of … EMR reform, including amendments introduced in May 2004. Previous empirical studies find evidences of protectionism of the …