Form S-1 is the first SEC filing in the initial public offering (IPO) process. The tone of the S-1, in terms of its definitiveness in characterizing the firm's business strategy and operations, should affect investors' ability to value the IPO. We find that IPOs with high levels of uncertain...

This paper explores the utilization of text data as a new α return resource for individual stock investment. In particular, we propose a new construction scheme of a polarity dictionary based on ChatGPT, a state-of-the-art language model, which is also directly used for sentiment analysis. Our...