Risk estimation or volatility estimation at financial markets, particularly stock exchange markets, is complex issue of … pricing of stocks and better risk management. The aim of this research is to test applicability of simple models like Simple … Moving Average (SMA) and Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) to estimate risk. The performance of SMA and EWMA with …

loss risk. This study uses geometric Brownian motion (GBM) and Value at Risk (VaR; with the Monte Carlo Simulation approach …) on the daily closing price of JKII from 1 August 2020-13 August 2021 to predict the price and loss risk of JKII at 16 … 2.03%. Then, using VaR with a Monte Carlo Simulation approach, the loss risk prediction for 16 August 2021 (one …

explanation. First, the optimal compensation contract creates incentives for the manager to engage in risk-shifting, making her … hazard problem, but makes debt less liquid than equity. Debt illiquidity covaries with credit risk …

a decrease in bank equity risk. We show theoretically, that keeping less capital in excess of the minimum capital … requirement can outweigh the risk-reducing effect on equity of increased total capitalization. Empirically, we find that excess … capitalization is a significant determinant of equity risk, and can explain why bank equity risk has not become lower after the Great …

expected returns. The theory generates several new predictions about the cross section of expected stock returns, for which I …