We examine investment by different types of institutional investors in underperforming firms with agency problems complicated by laws and regulations: U.S. firms with strong labor unions. As unions have special powers granted by government, unions have to serve the interests of politicians if...

Shareholder proposals are increasingly important tools for corporate reformers, yet courts, policy makers, and scholars are concerned that proposals may be used "opportunistically" as bargaining chips by activists to extract side payments from management. This paper investigates whether labor...