Price dynamics of the asset depends on the collective action of buyers and sellers, including both institutional and private investors. A large number of diverse, sometimes contradictory, reasons can underlie the decisions of market participants. In certain periods, asset purchases can be a...

It is generally believed that excessive stock market volatility reflects non-mathematical market expectations that are driven by “irrational exuberance” or “animal spirits”. As shown in this paper, there is an alternative explanation. If ex-ante and ex-post expectations are calculated in...