This study set out to investigate whether it is possible to simultaneously achieve internal and external economic stability objectives and to examine the impact of economic stability on economic growth. A model of simultaneous relation was formulated and identified. Data covering 1970 –...

This paper studies the global imbalances that occurred in the first years of the twenty-first century. The analysis encompasses the two biggest countries in the world: the U.S.A. and China. Many authors defend the assertion that the relationship between the current accounts of these two...

The assessment of external positions and exchange rates is a key mandate of the IMF. This paperpresents the updated External Balance Assessment (EBA) framework-a key input in the conduct ofmultilaterally-consistent external sector assessments of 49 advanced and emerging marketeconomies-following...

The composition of Japan's current account balance has changed over time, with an increasing income balance primarily reflecting a growing net foreign asset position and higher corporate saving. A comparison of Japan's income balance with peer countries highlights: (i) relatively high yields on...

The BPCG model provides an interesting hypothesis regarding economic growth. The main implication is that world demand places a constraint on individual country performance. I discuss this implication and argue that tests of the BPCG model have essentially been tests of the hypothesis that trade...

In recent years, Bolivia has accumulated a significant level of international reserves due to favorable external environment and the exchange rate regimen (crawling peg). In this context arises the question of: Which one is the optimal level of international reserves? According to the...

Governments have a number of policy tools that can be used to address pressure on the balance of payments. When market pressure leads to an unsustainable decline in the relative value of the domestic currency, authorities can: (1) sell reserves, (2) raise interest rates, (3) impose capital...

This paper explores the impact of international trade and financial networks on current account balances in a large sample of developing and developed countries. The financial and trade inter-country networks centrality measures are computed based on the structure and volume of trade flows and...

We explain how the external counterpart of the euro area M3 can be analysed by using the euro area balance of payments (b.o.p.). This is possible because the net external assets of the monetary financial institutions (MFIs) are present in two statistical frameworks that follow similar...