Economic synergy is essential in functional polycentric metropolitan regions due to their high collaborative potential between area centers and subcenters, which results in greater competition. Our results indicate that, based on the theory of economic geography, economic activities in...

Contemporary urban systems in OECD countries are structured around functional regions, which often overcome established city boundaries. Reading space in terms of functional regions allows assessing changes in urban hierarchies and spatial structures, including the polycentricity of urban...