Foreign currency loans to the unhedged non-banking sector are remarkably prevalent in Europe and create a significant … exchange-rate-induced credit risk to European banking sectors. In particular, Swiss franc (CHF)-denominated loans, popular in … that banks in Europe have continuously held more foreign-currency-denominated assets than liabilities, indicating their …

bargaining power in default, operating in more competitive product markets, and facing lower credit supply are more likely to …

-affiliated, and low-leverage companies incline more towards this strategy. Credit rating, debt maturity, financial and interest …

. Despite the hype, equity crowdfunding is still the smallest. Due to exemptions in legislations, Europe has been at the … start-ups can play job creation and economic growth in Europe. In this paper, we assess the potential role of equity …