1 Paving the Way to the Privatization of Public Financial Services -- 2 Privatization of Public Financial Services and Financial Reforms -- 3 Progress after the Privatization of Public Financial Services and Trends by Type of Financial Institution: Listing of Japan Post Bank and Reorganization...

The paper uses a panel of more than 1m German firms over 2010-2016, to provide the first firm-bank level evidence of local crowding out for a developed economy characterized by low interest rates and fiscal austerity. Our mechanism relies on two structural features of Germany's banking...

Money and banking in Europe, 1700-1850 : the formation of new financial systems -- Banking regulation and provincial banks in Spain -- The bourgeoisie and provincial banking : social origins of the new banking elite -- Banks of the issue as private companies : earnings and assets -- Provincial...

The possibility of creating a state bank has received much recent attention in the United States. In 2021, six states introduced legislation to create a state bank; in 2019, similar legislation was enacted in California for municipal banks. This paper develops a framework to evaluate state...