amounts, and non-sufficient funds charges are systematically different in LMI and majority-minority communities, and find that … about $50 higher in LMI Census tracts than in higher income tracts, and $75 higher in majority-minority tracts. Differences … in bank fees between LMI, majority-minority, and other communities result from various factors, including bank lending …

We study the effect of racial minority bank ownership on minority credit access. Using new data for 87 million minority … borrowers, we present four main findings. First, minority-owned banks specialize in same-race mortgage lending. Over 70 percent … of their mortgages go to borrowers of bank owners' same race. Second, the effect of minority bank ownership on minority …