Discrimination in lending can occur either in face-to-face decisions or in algorithmic scoring. We provide a workable … interpretation of the courts' legitimate-business-necessity defense of statistical discrimination. We then estimate the extent of … racial/ethnic discrimination in the largest consumer-lending market using an identification afforded by the pricing of …

indicates that banks are less likely to locate in African American areas, but the results show that race is neither a positive …

breach their fiduciary duties. The Fed, however, has used this power so rarely that few even realize it exists. Although … executive from one of these institutions. This Article offers the first comprehensive account of the banker removal power. It … makes four contributions. First, drawing on a range of primary sources, it recovers the power’s history, showing that …

political power undermines financial accumulation. Even under limited government, unaccountable institutions lead to regulatory …