Germany's bank-based financial system provides a high level of financial inclusion, measured by bank outreach and use of financial services. However, the most vulnerable individuals and small enterprises in Germany tend to be excluded or credit constrained. The quality of financial inclusion is...

The eurozone sovereign debt crisis, characterized by enormous debt burdens faced by its weakest economies, has also induced a parallel credit crunch and illiquidity concerns for European banks. Bank holdings of sovereign debt issued by peripheral eurozone countries have dropped in value and are...

Financial exclusion concerns 2.5 billion individuals and more than 450 million enterprises. The G20 countries are committed to the reduction of this phenomenon. The Bank of Italy has a fundamental role in the field of financial inclusion, both on a national and an international scale through...

Vor dem Hintergrund der für die Kreditinstitute voraussichtlich zum1.11.2007 anzuwendenden europäischen Richtlinie über Märkte in Finanzinstrumenten sowie ihrer entsprechenden Durchführungsbestimmungen stellt sich die Frage, welche Anforderungen für die Anlageberatung der...

This paper first provides a simple but very general framework for credit portfolio modellingwhich is based on the distinction between systematic and unsystematic risk. Unsystematicor borrower-specific risk vanishes through diversification in a very large, infinitelyfine-grained portfolio. The...

This paper analyzes the impact of various assumptions about the association between aggregate default probabilities and the loss given default on bank loans and corporate bonds, and seeks to empirically explain this critical relationship.(...)

The transformation of private savers’ funds into business loans – the very essential function ofbanking intermediation - is weak in Belarus compared to other Eastern European economies.High concentration, governmental interference, an inconsistent regulation and a difficultbusiness environment...

We analyze optimal risk management strategies for a regulatory restricted bank financed with deposits and equity in an infinite horizonmodel. The bank has a positive franchise value from rents coming from deposit related services (liquidity provision, payment services, safety storage), and from...

We use the 2020 Small Business Credit Survey to study the sources of racial disparities in use of the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). Black-owned firms are 8.9 percentage points less likely than observably similar white-owned firms to receive PPP loans. About 55 percent of this take-up...

Der kurzfristig abgesagte Börsengang der Ant Group im November 2020 hat für Aufsehen an den internationalen Finanzmärkten gesorgt. Ant Group ist das auf Finanzdienstleistungen spezialisierte Tochterunternehmen eines großen chinesischen Technologiekonzerns. Eine Regulierungsänderung, die die...