in Spain, the Netherlands and the United States have been compared. In addition, in the Spanish case, whether banks' risk …

This paper builds a dataset on bank ownership that covers more than 6,500 banks in 181 countries (59 low … reversed these trends. At the country level, the relationship between bank ownership and each of GDP growth and financial depth …. Bank-level regressions show that state-owned banks are less profitable and have a higher share of non-performing loans than …