to minority shareholder expropriation driven by related lending (“grabbing hand” effect), is offset by shareholders …We investigate the implications of government versus private ownership for bank minority shareholders. Specifically, we … shareholder protection, shareholders of state-owned banks rationally anticipate expropriation, but are willing to accept it in …

We study the effect of racial minority bank ownership on minority credit access. Using new data for 87 million minority … borrowers, we present four main findings. First, minority-owned banks specialize in same-race mortgage lending. Over 70 percent … of their mortgages go to borrowers of bank owners' same race. Second, the effect of minority bank ownership on minority …