In this paper we study the determinants of use of formal and informal credit sources. Given that awareness is a necessary step towards use of credit, in order to control for the possible selection bias we decompose the decision to use credit as a two stage decision process in which first,...

Increasing productivity among small farmers and fisherfolk (SFF) is important if the country is to further reduce poverty. In 2019, the AFF sector accounted for 9.2 percent of GDP and slightly less than a fourth of total employment, but still accounted for majority of the poor. The provision of...

We document that European banks charge higher interest rates on loans granted to small and medium-sized firms located in areas at high risk of flooding. At 6 basis points, the average risk premium does not adequately reflect the deterioration of loan performance in the aftermath of flood...