It has been widely accepted that constraints on the wholesale funding of bank balance sheets amplify the transmission of monetary policy through what is called the ‘bank lending channel’. We show that the effect of such bank balance sheet constraints on monetary transmission is in fact...

The current global financial crisis has seen both substantial credit impairment and pronounced market illiquidity, undermining bank balance sheets and creating a global credit contraction. One consequence has been a dramatic shift in monetary transmission. Central banks can no longer closely...

This paper reviews the development and assesses the future of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending in China. Chinese P2P lending has expanded by a factor of 60 over the four years from 2013 and 2017. Consequently, it is now much greater, both in absolute terms and relative to the size of the economy, than...

This paper examines the expansion of credit in the UK over the years 1997-2007 and the subsequent loan losses on UK sterling lending. This was a substantial credit expansions especially in lending secured on property. This led to only relatively modest losses for UK banks on residential mortgage...