Analyzing hand-collected credit agreements data for a random sample of middle-market firms during 2010-2015, we find that a third of all loans is extended directly by nonbank financial intermediaries. Nonbanks lend to less profitable and more levered firms that undergo larger changes in size...

Productive firms can access credit markets directly by issuing corporate bonds or by borrowing through financial intermediaries. In this paper, we study the cyclical properties of corporate credit provision through these two types of debt instruments in major advanced economies. We argue that...

This study gives an overview of recent innovations in the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Asia. While SMEs are an important contributor to employment and gross domestic product in Asia, they often face significant credit constraints. Recently, in the context of Asia's...

In the mid-1990s, institutional investors entered the syndicated loan market and started to serve borrowers as lead arrangers. Why are non-banks able to compete for this role against banks? How do the composition of syndicates and loan pricing differ among lead arrangers? By using a dataset of...

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of most Asian economies. The main obstacle to the development of the SME sector is the lack of stable finance. Considering the bank-dominated characteristic of economies in Asia, banks are the main source of financing, and the lack of a...

During the past decade non-bank institutional investors are increasingly taking larger roles in the corporate lending than they historically have played. These non-bank institutional lenders typically have higher required rates of return than banks, but invest in the same loan facilities. In a...

Over the past two decades, banks have increasingly focused on offering contingent credit in the form of credit lines as a primary means of corporate borrowing. We review the existing body of research regarding the rationales for banks' provision of liquidity insurance in the form of credit...

When a loan is close to becoming non-performing, banks have stronger incentives to renegotiate it in favourable conditions for the borrower (loan forbearance) rather than for recognising and resolving the non-performing loan. At the aggregated level and looking at borrowers (non-financial...

This study examines the determinants of capital adequacy and voluntary capital buffers among microfinance institutions (MFIs). We apply the two-stage least squares (2SLS) with instrumental variables to account for endogeneity. Using quarterly panel data of 439 MFIs in Ghana covering the period...

We document a major mechanism – inorganic growth – which drives a wedge between micro-study effects of credit supply shocks and aggregate effects. Exploiting a quasi-exogenous positive shock to credit supply, we document that affected firms borrow larger amounts and exhibit stronger asset,...