sources of systemic risk: (i) linkages between local banks, and (ii) linkages between a foreign par- ent bank and its local … foreign parent bank to its local subsidiary is substantially smaller than the risk between two local banks. …

Policymakers introduce bank levies (BLs) to reduce the probability of crises. In this study, we evaluate the effects of …

are regulated, including the need to obtain a charter to operate and explicit and implicit federal guarantees of bank … liabilities to reduce the probability of bank runs. These aspects of banking affect a bankś choice of risk vs. expected return …, which, in turn, affects bank performance. Banks have an incentive to reduce risk to protect the valuable charter from …