European Union (EU) countries offer a unique experience of financial regulatory and supervisory integration, complementing various other European integration efforts following the Second World War. Financial regulatory and supervisory integration was a very slow process before 2008, despite...

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the extent to which the design of regulatory banking and insurance capital standards (Basel II/III and Solvency II) provide incentives for endogenously‐generated destabilising effects to the financial system. The literature has identified three areas...

Life insurers' odds of being placed under regulatory control (for example, conservatorship or receivership) during the financial crisis years of 2008 and 2009 increased with deteriorating fundamentals at a much higher rate than during normal times or during the previous recession. However, no...