sources of systemic risk: (i) linkages between local banks, and (ii) linkages between a foreign par- ent bank and its local …- pendencies in downward risk in the banking sectors of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia during 1994-2013. In … foreign parent bank to its local subsidiary is substantially smaller than the risk between two local banks. …

Policymakers introduce bank levies (BLs) to reduce the probability of crises. In this study, we evaluate the effects of …