We examine sources of systemic risk (threshold size, complexity, and interconnectedness) with factors constructed from equity returns of large financial firms, after accounting for standard risk factors. From the factor loadings and factor returns, we estimate the implicit government subsidy for...

Using a simple symmetric principal-agent model of two banks, this paper studies the effects of both bailouts and bonus taxes on risk taking and managerial compensation. In contrast to existing literature, we assume financial institutions to be systemic only on a collective basis, implying...

We examine the effects of too-big-to-fail reforms using ΔCoVaR and SRISK. These systemic risk measures suggest that i) the systemic risk contribution of global systemically important banks (G-SIBs) has declined to a larger extent than other banks following the reforms; and ii) the larger the...