We examine sources of systemic risk (threshold size, complexity, and interconnectedness) with factors constructed from equity returns of large financial firms, after accounting for standard risk factors. From the factor loadings and factor returns, we estimate the implicit government subsidy for...

In view of preliminary lessons learnt from the global financial crisis since 2007, the paper develops a conceptual framework for the functional analysis of bank insolvency regimes and, against this background, analyses a package of reforms adopted in Germany in 2010