This paper shows that stakeholders' multilateral opportunistic behaviour during financial distress may lead to premature liquidation of the firm. Consequently, the firm will use its capital structure to mitigate the costs of such opportunism. Specifically, the firm will reduce its debt so that...

This paper considers the effects multilateral opportunistic behaviour on the firm’s capital structure. We show that multiple parties introduce greater incompleteness, because the firm cannot control future contracts in potential opportunistic coalitions. A higher debt-equity ratio increases...

This paper examines the efficacy of carbon tax policies in view of the interactions between such policies and the firm’s carbon efficiency and financing decisions. We show that because the government, unlike capital markets, does not price its policy’s risk by taking into account default...