We investigate the effects that mutual fund liquidity requirements have on fragility. Starting in 2018, SEC Rule 22e-4 restricted ownership of illiquid securities in funds. As expected, post-rule, funds hold more liquid securities. Firms issuing illiquid securities face higher costs due to a...

We evaluate the effects of post-crisis liquidity regulation on the U.S. banking system. We find that regulated banks have substantially improved their liquidity ratios by holding more liquidity buffers and terming out their liabilities. However, some liquidity transformation has migrated to...

We investigate the connections between bank capital regulation and the prevalence of lightly regulated nonbanks (shadow banks) in the U.S. corporate loan market. For identification, we exploit a supervisory credit register of syndicated loans, loan-time fixed-effects, and shocks to capital...

Solvency II has one standard equity solvency capital requirement for type 1 or developed market stocks (39 percent) and one for type 2 or emerging market stocks (49 percent). As such, differences in financial economic risk of stock portfolios within developed or emerging markets do not influence...

Margin requirements for derivative contracts serve as a buffer against the transmission of losses through the financial system by protecting one party to a contract against default by the other party. However, if margin levels are proportional to volatility, then a spike in volatility leads to...

The financial crisis has generated fundamental reforms in the financial regulatory system in the U.S. and internationally. Much of this reform was in direct response to the weaknesses revealed in the precrisis system. The new “macroprudential” approach to financial regulations focuses on...

The money market rates in the United States exhibit various calendar patterns that are grounded in institutional and regulatory factors. In this paper, we document a new regularity in the overnight fed funds market. Specifically, we identify patterns of decreased volatility along with consistent...

A sound financial regulatory framework is critical for minimizing the risk imposed by financial system fra­gility. In the world's emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs), such regulation is also essential to support economic development and poverty reduc­tion. Meanwhile, it is...

The paper analyses how banks manage their capital position when they securitise, by focusing on the issuances sponsored by European banks before and after the financial crisis. Stylised facts suggest that, at the time of the crisis, European banks continued to issue structured products, but by...

This paper documents the long-run effects of an important reform of capital regulation for U.S. insurance companies in 2009. We show that its design effectively eliminates capital requirements for (non-agency) MBS, implying an aggregate capital relief of over $18bn at the time of the reform. By...