Asset pricing theory notes that different types of investor uncertainty can have directionally different effects on cost of equity. Empirical studies of costs of equity, however, generally assume that different types of uncertainty are independent or have the same directional effect. We relax...

This paper studies institutional investors' incentives to be engaged shareholders. We measure incentives as the increase in an institution's cash flow (management fees) when a stockholding increases 1% in value, considering both the direct effect on assets under management and the indirect...