factors in which institutions affect market integration more than market integration affects institutions. It was … institutional improvements that were crucial to market integration, rather than just declining transport costs, which increased city … integration. This created a much larger impact on city growth compared to the institutional impact independent from the market …

lines suggested by Bianchi, Buonanno and Pinotti (2012). Our results suggest that immigration has a positive and significant … be driven by higher-skilled workers. The results for training are less clear, but suggest that higher-skilled immigration … may have a positive impact on the training of native workers. We discuss the implications for post-Brexit immigration …