Among the many sources of financial and operational risk in supply chains are the Incoterms®, which are terms of trade used to decide who does what in a cargo movement, when risk passes from seller to buyer and who pays for which part of the movement. Wrong Incoterms® create unexpected costs...

The scientific aim of this working paper is to review the well-known concept of the value chain and to evaluate the different activities under the current conditions and circumstances. The main question of research is to find out if the classification and composition of the various activities is...