The integrated report is a tool enabling communication of an enterprise with both internal and external stakeholders. The lack of unanimity of stakeholders’ opinions on building values, resulting from the differentiation of their access to information, results in the value of the enterprise in...

Many commentators have identified the pivotal role of intellectual capital in the valuation of firms and the determination of their future earnings. Innovation in voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital lead by European firms, such as Celemi and Skandia, has generated a plethora of new...