The contributions of order-maintenance policing and broken windows theory to New York City's remarkable crime decline … their race-specific crime rates, and that this excess enforcement was explained by the social structure of predominantly … minority neighborhoods than by either their disorder or their crime rates. In the decade since the first study on OMP, stop …

The vast majority of the empirical literature on crime has focused on the effects of "supply-side" shocks such as the …. Consistent with the model's predictions (and inconsistent with alternative explanations), we find a 3% decline in crime in DC … during the shutdown period, with the net effect resulting from a 9% decline during the day hours, and a 5% increase in crime …