Estimations of nonlinear panel models that include individual specific fixed effects are complicated by the incidental parameters problem, that is, the asymptotic bias in the estimation of typical fixed effects panel models generally results in inconsistent estimates. In this paper, I...

We study ingroup bias -- the preferential treatment of members of one's group -- in naturally occurring data, where economically significant allocation decisions are made under a strong non-discriminatory norm. Data come from Israeli small claims courts during 2000-2004, where the assignment of...