While Indices, Index tracking funds and ETFs have grown in popularity during then last ten years, there are many structural problems inherent in Index calculation methodologies and the legal/economic structure of ETFs. These problems raise actionable issues of “Suitability” and “fraud”...

While Indices, Index tracking funds and ETFs have grown in popularity during then last ten years, there are many structural problems inherent in Index calculation methodologies and the legal/economic structure of ETFs. These problems raise actionable issues of “Suitability” and “fraud”...

Investment returns are a core element of decisions in various “end-uses”. Investment returns are often calculated in different ways and over different horizons, and regardless of the method of computation, they often contain substantial Biases which distort results in the “end-uses”....