to estimate learning losses. It models the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the …. Scores declined by an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses were … greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students …

to estimate learning losses. It models the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the …. Scores declined by an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses were … greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students …

Many university students depend on employment during their studies. The closing of universities and the loss of many … German university, we analyze changes in students' income and its composition throughout the different phases of the pandemic …. Students' job income declined by 66% (total income by 19%), on average, during the first lockdown. There was a quick recovery …

Many university students depend on employment during their studies. The closing of universities and the loss of many … German university, we analyze changes in students' income and its composition throughout the different phases of the pandemic …. Students' job income declined by 66% (total income by 19%), on average, during the first lockdown. There was a quick recovery …