presented. The key finding is that both preservice education and in-service training are positively correlated with labor … productivity. The productivity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is enhanced by a higher level of skills and education … that competitiveness is enhanced both by raising the general level of education in the workforce and by encouraging …

economic growth in Indonesia since the government decided to spend 20% of the state budget on education. We used time series … public expenditure on education has an insignificant relationship in the long- and short-term estimation. However, they both … relationship in the short and long terms. In conclusion, the Indonesian government should manage the education system regarding the …